Chapter 5: Negotiate From the Driver's Seat

Playing the Game

If you don't want to haggle over the price, you may buy a car from a one-price dealer or hire an auto broker to negotiate a deal for you. But if you're among the one-third of Americans who likes to jump in the ring with the pros, put on your boxing gloves and learn the game.

Although some dealers have responded to competition from no-hagglers by softening their sales approaches, be familiar with the different methods they may use. Sometimes you negotiate with just one salesperson. This person may invest more in your satisfaction than an official "closer" would. A closer is a person who takes over for the salesperson to complete the sale.

Know the Dealer's Invoice

To find out how much the dealer has marked up the cost of a vehicle, you need to find out what the dealer paid the manufacturer for it. Check a resource such as the "Consumer Reports Annual Buying Guide."

A resource like this will often list the dealer's "invoice" for the car and for options. The invoice, however, is not the whole story. "Holdbacks" and other credits that the dealer receives from the manufacturer almost always reduce the dealer's true cost below the invoice amount.

Popularity Has a Price

High demand means a higher price. If you want the most popular car of the year, be prepared to pay a little more. The upside is that a popular car may also reap you a higher price when it's your turn to sell the car as a used model.

The best thing you can do is fully research a vehicle you're interested in to see if holdbacks or other incentives apply. And don't be fooled into thinking that a car sold to you at "invoice" means it's being sold to you at the dealer's cost. There is almost always still room to bargain.

Negotiation Strategy

Almost everything is flexible in car sales — the price of the car, the price of the options, the loan rate and the extra services. But this flexibility doesn't mean the seller will bend over backwards for you. The seller may try to make it seem as though prices are firm. Decide what you want in a car and what it's worth to you, then negotiate a fair price.

Here are some suggestions to help you get the best deal possible:

• Time your purchase. The best times to buy a car are at the end of the month when dealers want to eke out a few more sales to finish the month strong, as well as during the holidays. Dealers spend lots of money advertising holiday specials, and they want to make sure to cover their costs.

• Don't mention your trade-in vehicle until the sale on the new car is negotiated. At least, that's what conventional wisdom says. This may or may not be practical in your case.

• Avoid answering sales questions about whether or not you'll be ready to commit to a purchase that day "if the price is right." Just say, "Maybe," or, "I'll think about it."

• Don't tell the salesperson if you've already arranged financing. He or she may offer a low price for the car thinking the dealership can make a profit by financing the purchase.

• Never tell the salesperson what you're willing to spend in monthly payments for the car. In fact, never let the dealer know your bottom-line price. They won't tell you theirs, either.

• Start bidding low. Offer a price that's just above the dealer's invoice price.

• Don't panic if the dealer's counter-offer is much higher than your first offer. Only raise your next offer by $100 or $200. Remember: You've done your homework. You know they're making a profit and may be getting a manufacturer's holdback, besides.

• Stand firm. The dealer should give you a lower offer to counter your second bid. Now you must decide whether or not to accept the dealer's offer.

Crossing the Line

When negotiating, remember this simple rule: If the salesperson is still negotiating the car price, the salesperson is still making a decent profit. If the salesperson walks away from you, however, you've probably crossed the bottom-line price for the car. Don't worry about hurt feelings. You're negotiating for the best possible deal you can get.

Trade-ins

When you're ready to talk price on a car you've selected, the salesperson will ask if you're planning to trade in your current car — provided you own one. That's the last question you should answer. If you tell the dealer you're planning to trade in your old car, the dealer will want to lump the two transactions together, possibly putting you at a disadvantage. Here's how:

Example

Marcy Stephens wants to buy a freshly minted sedan with a sticker price of $15,000. She tells the dealer that she wants to trade in her little 1988 coup to bring down the price. The dealer offers to sell her the sedan, complete with options, for $9,000 plus her coup. She's ecstatic. The blue book value for her coup is $5,000, and the dealer is giving her $6,000 for it.

new sedan sticker price $15,000.00

coup trade-in - 6,000.00

new sedan total price $ 9,000.00

Sound good? Not really. People rarely pay the full sticker price.

If Marcy had negotiated her new-car price before mentioning her interest in trading in her coup, her deal might have been sweeter.

First, she could have negotiated a discount off the sedan's sticker price — say $2,500. For the coup, she may have been able to negotiate to receive the blue book value of $5,000. Her total price for the new car would have been $7,500.

Deal for the new car:

new sedan $15,000.00

discount - 2,500.00

new sedan total price $12,500.00

Subtract the trade-in:

new sedan $12,500.00

coup trade-in - 5,000.00

new sedan total price $ 7,500.00

It's Not Over Until It's Over

Just when you thought you could let down your guard with the dealer, shake hands and sit down for coffee in the office, you find you have several crucial negotiations left. You still have to find the best deal on a loan and decide whether or not to pay for an extended warranty, rustproofing, credit life insurance and other extras.

Your Options

Most car models, whether domestic or foreign, are sold in two or more "trim lines," meaning a base price and a set of options. Trim lines vary and are given such names as standard, DX and deluxe.

Sometimes it's cheaper to buy a car in a higher-priced trim line than to buy a basic model and dress it up with options. But check out the available trim lines and the prices of options you want.

Options usually come in packages, and buying a package can be cheaper than purchasing options separately. But try to avoid being talked into options you don't want.

The Loan

Dealers offer financing for cars through auto makers or local banks. The upside to getting a loan through a dealer is convenience. The dealer can process your loan application right in the showroom office. The downside is that the dealer may mark up the loan for profit. Shop around for the lowest rate and then tell the dealer you won't take anything higher. Your dealer will usually match the going market interest rate. (For more about loans, see Page 8.)

Service Contracts (a.k.a. Extended Warranties)

Service contracts can be a significant profit item for dealers. They're like insurance policies. And, like insurance policies, they're designed not to be used.

An extended service contract supplements the manufacturer's warranty that comes with the vehicle. Compare your warranty with the service contract being offered to avoid paying for services you're already getting for free. Because competition for customer satisfaction has grown of late, standard manufacturer's warranties have improved. Since a typical warranty covers the car for three years or 36,000 miles, you may choose not to buy more coverage.

A service contract, however, will extend the length of time parts will be repaired under warranty. That may be helpful if you're planning to keep your vehicle longer than the time covered in the manufacturer's warranty. Check to see if the extended service contract cancels automatically when you sell your car. If you want a manufacturer's service contract, double check to be sure that the contract is indeed from the manufacturer.

What to Ask About Your Service Contract

• Does the company offering the contract have a solid reputation? Call the Better Business Bureau to find out.

• Check with the Commerce Department, (651) 296-2488, to find out if a company issuing a service contract is "reinsured," meaning if the company goes bankrupt, your contract is still good.

• Do you have to prove you've followed factory recommendations for regular preventive maintenance in order for repairs to be covered?

• Is preventive maintenance covered?

• Are towing and rental cars covered?

• Do you need to pay up front for repairs before being reimbursed by the company?

• Do you have to take the car to specific mechanics?

• Is there a deductible fee for repairs?

Rustproofing

You know the expression: Rust never sleeps. No matter how hard car makers try to keep it down with new technologies ranging from galvanizing steel during manufacturing to spraying cars with sealants once they've hit the road, rust eventually peeks through. It's just a matter of time.

So the term rustproofing is misleading. Rustproofing may help stave off corrosion — for a few years, that is. Certainly cars on the streets today take longer to rust than those of old. But your question when buying a car is whether or not after-manufacturing rustproofing is needed.

Some experts say galvanizing during manufacturing makes additional rustproofing unnecessary. Galvanizing is a process of protecting the steel with a zinc coating that manufacturers say they've perfected in recent years.

To help consumers choose whether or not to buy additional rustproofing, the Council of Better Business Bureaus, Inc., launched a thorough study of rustproofing practices. It found that 90 percent of vehicles made by the early 1990s already came with five-year corrosion perforation (anti-rust) warranties from the manufacturer.

Manufacturer's warranties, as well as warranties for after-market rustproofing, apply if the rust starts on the interior of the car and eats a hole through to the outside. Surface rust due to stones, scratches, hail and environmental damage are excluded from manufacturer's and most after-market rustproofing warranties.

Paint Sealant and Fabric Protection

Paint sealant and fabric protection are two more high-profit items for the dealer. It's unclear if paint sealant really works. Will your car really look shinier for a year or so? Does it really protect the paint? The jury's out on this.

Fabric protection is also expensive. You can save a lot of money by spraying the fabric yourself with a spray protective commonly available at discount, automotive and hardware stores.

Trading In and Up!

When you want to sell your old car, shop around at a few different dealers to get the best price. And be sure to have it thoroughly "detailed" or cleaned before you do. Spiff up your car like you would spiff up yourself if you were going to a job interview.

Of course, you can decide to sell it on your own or through an auto broker instead. You receive the wholesale and not the retail price when you trade in your car to the dealer. Check the blue book for these values. But if your time is in shorter supply than your money, trading in your vehicle may be your best option. By trading a car in when you buy a new car, you also avoid paying sales tax on the value of the trade-in.

Credit Life and Credit Disability Insurance

Credit life insurance ensures that the finance company loaning you money to buy your car will be among the first of your creditors to be paid if you die before your car is paid for. Likewise, credit disability insurance ensures that your finance company is paid if you are disabled and unable to work to pay off your car loan.

These types of insurance are usually optional. If you wish to buy this type of coverage, remember that you do not have to purchase the insurance from your finance company. Shop for the best price by checking credit life and disability rates offered by insurance companies.

Closing the Sale

The Deposit

Are you absolutely 100 percent sure you're going to buy the car? If not, don't put down a deposit. If you change your mind, the seller may have a legal right to keep the deposit you made. And remember, you do not have a three-day cooling-off period in which to return the car!

Before You Sign . . .

Read the sales contract carefully. If the dealer made you a verbal promise, say, to throw in fog lights for the price you negotiated, be sure it's in writing. Check that:

• Everything you and the dealer have agreed to is included.

• Both the dealership manager and the salesperson have signed the contract. Otherwise it might not be valid.

• All portions of the contract are filled in before you sign.

• The contract states that you can void the agreement and get your downpayment back if all terms in the contract are not met (such as failure to deliver on a specified date).

Give It the Once-Over

If your new car is being delivered from another dealership, you won't have the opportunity to look over the vehicle you're receiving. Before you accept delivery, make sure all the options and extras are on the car as specified in your contract. Also, test drive the car to be sure it handles like the one you previously test drove.

Sign It, Own It

No three-day cooling-off period exists when you buy a car. Before you sign the contract, understand that when you do, the car is yours! You must honor the agreement. You have no right to return the vehicle. If you decide you don't want the car, you'll have to absorb the depreciation and sell it again.

Note: The Lemon Law doesn't give you the right to return the car and forego payments

Feeling Squeezed? Learn About Minnesota's Lemon Law

Once you sign the contract for your new car, you cannot return the car just because you don't like it. But if it's truly a lemon, the seller is obligated to service the car, and eventually may have to replace it or refund your money under Minnesota's Lemon Law.

The Lemon Law applies to those cars that are still covered by the manufacturer's original new-car warranty, were purchased in Minnesota and are used at least 40 percent of the time for personal, family or household purposes. The law also covers vehicles leased for more than four months. The terms of the law are:

• The manufacturer has a duty to repair a motor vehicle in accordance with the terms of the warranty if:

1. The motor vehicle has a defect or problem that is covered by the warranty; and,

2. The problem has been reported by the vehicle's owner within the warranty period, or within two years after delivery of the vehicle, whichever comes first.

• The manufacturer has a duty to refund or replace a car that has substantial defects or problems. Under the law, if the manufacturer or its authorized dealer has been unable to repair a car's problem after a "reasonable number of attempts," the buyer or person leasing a car may go through a manufacturer's arbitration program or go to court to seek a full refund of the car's purchase price, minus a deduction for use of the vehicle.

A "reasonable number of attempts" is defined as:

• Four or more unsuccessful attempts to repair the same defect; or

• One unsuccessful attempt to repair a defect that has caused the complete failure of the steering or braking system, and that is likely to cause death or serious bodily injury; or

• A car that has been out of service due to warranty repairs for 30 or more cumulative business days.

For more information on Minnesota's Lemon Law, contact the Minnesota Attorney General's Office for a free brochure detailing the law.
pter 6: Considering an "Experienced" Car?
The good thing about buying a used car is that it has a history. The bad thing about buying a used car is that it has a history.

Experience can be a good teacher. When you buy a used car, it's possible to know the reputation of the make and model better than you would for a new car, especially a freshly minted model. But you won't know if the vehicle was treated properly, unless you're a good gumshoe detective. Learn to be one.

To start your research, take a trip down to the local library where books and magazines provide comparative information. Every April Consumer Reports publishes a detailed report of repair and maintenance frequency for used cars. The publication lists cars by price and provides important safety and fuel efficiency information. But don't stop there. Road and Track, Motor Trend and Car and Driver have automotive reviews, too.